Contents

Foreword to the Fourth Edition ........................................... iii

Foreword to the Third Edition ............................................... v

Foreword to the Second Edition........................................... vii

Foreword to the First Edition ............................................... ix

About the Authors .................................................................. x

Introduction .......................................................................... xii

Part I
Direct Examination

A. Recollection ..................................................................... 3

1. Present Recollection Revived ........................................ 5

2. Past Recollection Recorded .......................................... 9

(a) Federal Court ........................................................ 9

(b) State Court .......................................................... 15

3. Identifications, Judicial and Extra‑judicial .................... 20

B. Documents ..................................................................... 27

1. Private Writings .......................................................... 29

2. Business Records ....................................................... 35

3. Copies of Business Records ....................................... 42

4. Electronically Stored Information and
Computer Printouts .................................................... 46

5. Police Reports — Offense Reports ............................. 56

6. Police Accident Reports ............................................. 61

7. Public Records ........................................................... 66

(a) Certified ............................................................... 66

(b) Uncertified ........................................................... 70

8. Hospital Records ....................................................... 73

9. Medical and Repair Bills, Paid and Unpaid ................. 79

C. Best Evidence or Original Document Problems .......... 83

1. Duplicates — Photographic Copies ............................ 85

2. Use of Secondary Evidence ........................................ 89

3. Use of Secondary Evidence Establishing the
Contents of a Document by Oral Evidence .............................. 92

D. Demonstrative Evidence ............................................... 95

1. Photographs ............................................................... 97

2. Video, Film & DVD Evidence .................................. 101

3. Computer Animation ................................................ 107

4. Diagram Not to Scale ............................................... 113

5. Diagram to Scale ...................................................... 116

6. Model of Accident Scene ......................................... 118

7. Anatomical Model .................................................... 120

8. Charts or Summaries ................................................ 122

E. Opinions of the Lay Witness ...................................... 125

1. Lay Opinion — Generally ......................................... 127

2. Value of Personal Property — State and
Federal Court........................................................... 131

3. Value of Real Property — State and
Federal Court .......................................................... 133

4. Handwriting Identification — State and
Federal Court .......................................................... 136

5. Voice Identification — Lay Witness .......................... 139

6. Intoxication — Lay Witness ..................................... 142

F. Opinions of the Expert ................................................ 145

1. Qualifying the Expert ................................................ 147

2. Direct Observation — Treating Physician .................. 156

3. Direct Observation — Non‑treating Physician ........... 163

4. Expert Opinion — Based Upon Inadmissible
Facts and Data ...................................................................... 168

5. Expert Opinion Without Disclosure of Data
Underlying Opinion ................................................................. 172

6. The Long Form — Hypothetical ............................... 174

7. The Short Form — Hypothetical .............................. 178

8. Expert Witness — Handwriting Comparison ............. 181

9. Examination of Psychiatrist to Establish Insanity
Defense ................................................................... 185

10. Opinion of Appraiser to Establish Fair Market
Value of Real Estate ................................................. 190

11. Introduction of Novel Scientific Evidence in
Federal Court .......................................................... 196

12. Introduction of Novel Scientific Evidence in
State Court .............................................................. 202

13. Direct Examination of a Physician Using Medical
Text as an Authority ................................................. 208

G. Character, Habit and Custom ..................................... 211

1. Character as a Material Proposition or Essential
Element in a Civil Case ............................................. 213

(a) Reputation — State and Federal Court ............... 213

(b) Opinion — State and Federal Court ................... 219

(c) Opinion with Specific Instances — State and
Federal Court .................................................... 221

(d) Specific Instances ............................................... 223

2. Character of Accused — Federal and State —
Reputation Method .................................................. 224

3. Character of Accused — Federal and State —
Opinion Method ....................................................... 228

4. Evidence of Good Character and Conduct of a
Witness .................................................................... 230

5. Habit, Usual Method of Practice ............................... 234

6. Routine Practice (Custom) in Business ...................... 239

7. Custom and Usage ................................................... 243

H. Special Issues .............................................................. 245

1. Immunizing the Witness ............................................ 247

2. Present Sense Impression and Excited Utterance ...... 250

3. Dying Declaration ..................................................... 255

4. Subsequent Remedial Measures ............................... 257

5. Initial Examination of a Child ..................................... 261

6. Lift of Stay Examination ............................................ 265

Part II
Cross-Examination and Redirect

A. Prior Inconsistent Statements — Use of Textbooks . 273

1. Extrinsic Evidence of Prior Inconsistent Oral
Statements — State Court ....................................... 275

2. Extrinsic Evidence of Prior Inconsistent Oral
Statements — Federal Court .................................... 281

3. Examination of Witness on Prior Inconsistent
Written Statement — State Court ............................. 286

4. Examination of Witness on Prior Inconsistent
Written Statement — Federal Court ......................... 291

5. Cross‑examination Utilizing Authoritative
Treatises and Textbooks .......................................... 295

6. Cross‑examination of a Character Witness ................ 298

B. Redirect ....................................................................... 303

1. Rehabilitation — Use of Prior Consistent
Statement ................................................................. 305

Part III
Use of Discovery Devices in Trial

A. Depositions .................................................................. 311

1. Impeachment ........................................................... 313

2. Adverse Party .......................................................... 317

3. Witness Not Available .............................................. 320

B. Interrogatories ............................................................ 323

1. Use in Court ............................................................ 325

2. Impeachment ........................................................... 327

Table of Authorities .......................................................... 329

Table of Cases ................................................................... 341